Marka 8 bits la isku daro, ayaa waxaa loo yaqaanaa byte.

Baytku wuxuu matali karaa xaraf, tusaale ahaan, 01100001 waxay u taagan tahay xarafka ‘A‘. Baytku waxa kale oo uu matali karaa dabeecadda xakamaynta.

Marka la matalo tiro iyadoo la isticmaalayo bits, waxaa laga rogi karaa salkeeda caadiga ah ee 10 oo loo rogi karaa binary. Tan waxaa loo yaqaan matalaadda binary (binary representation).

NOTE: kombuyuutar-ku ma fahmo wax aan binary (0s 1s) aheyn, wax walbana waa in loo badalaa binary si uu u fahmo.

Matalaadda Binary (Binary Representation)

Halka kombuyuutarradu ay isticmaalaan nidaamka 2, nidaamka ay dadka badankiisu yaqaaniin waa saldhigga 10. Base 10 waxay ka dhigan tahay in qiimaha meel kasta uu yahay 10. Tusaale ahaan, 125 waa 100 (1) + 10 (2) + 1 (5). Si lambarkan loogu beddelo saldhigga 2 (base 2 = binary), waa in loo kala qaybiyaa awoodo 2 ah.

Hadafkayagu waa in aan qorno 125 marka loo eego 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, iyo 64. Awoodda xigta ee 2 waa 128 oo maadaama kani ka weyn yahay lambarkayagii asalka ahaa, qiimaha goobtani wuxuu noqonayaa eber oo wuu awoodaa. 125 = 64 (1) + 32 (1) + 16 (1) + 8 (1) + 4 (1) + 2 (0) + 1 (1).

Qoritaanka mid kasta oo ka mid ah jajabyadan sida ay u kala horreeyaan waxay muujinaysaa in 125 ee saldhigga 10 loo qori karo 1111101 saldhigga 2 ama binary. Sidoo kale, nambar kasta waxaa loo rogi karaa saldhig kasta (base). Mararka qaarkood barnaamij-bixiyeyaashu waxay isticmaali doonaan saldhigga 8 (oo loo yaqaanno octal), saldhigga 16 (oo loo yaqaan hexadecimal), ama xitaa saldhigga 64.

Noocyada luuqaddaha barnaamijka (Programming languages)

Luuqaddaha barnaamijka (Programming languages) inta badan waxaa loo qaybiyaa seddex qaybood –

Low-level programming language

Luuqadda hoose (Low-level) waa luqadda uu yaqaano mashiinka (0s iyo 1s). Processor-ku waxa uu si toos ah u wadaa barnaamijyo heerkiisu hooseeyo (low-level) iyada oo aan loo baahnayn bedele ama turjume (compiler/interpreter), marka barnaamijyada ku qoran luqadda hoose (low- level language) waxay u run-gareysmi karaan si degdeg ah.

Luuqadaha heerka hoose (Low-level languages) waxa loo sii kala qaybiyaa laba qaybood –

i. Machine Language

Luuqadda mishiinadu waa nooc ka mid ah luuqada barnaamijyada heerka hoose. Waxa kale oo loo yaqaan koodka mashiinka (machine code) ama koodka shayga (object code). Luqadda mishiinku way fududahay in la akhriyo sababtoo ah waxaa sida caadiga ah lagu muujiyaa qaabka binary ama hexadecimal (base16). Uma baahna turjumaan (interpreter ama compiler) inuu u beddelo barnaamijyada sababtoo ah kombuyuutarku waxay si toos ah u fahmaan barnaamijyada luqadda mashiinka (machine language).

Faa’iidada luqadda mashiinka ayaa ah in ay ka caawiso barnaamij-sameeyaha (programmer) in uu barnaamijyada ku fuliyo si ka dhakhso badan luqadda barnaamijyada heerka sare ah (high-level language).

ii. Assembly Language

Assembly Language (ASM) sidoo kale waa nooc ka mid ah luuqada barnaamijyada heerka hoose ee loogu talagalay soo-saareyaal (processors) gaar ah. Waxay u taagan tahay hab-raaca oo ah qaab astaan ah oo bani-aadmigu fahmi karo. Waxay isticmaashaa assembler si loogu beddelo luqadda assembly (assembly language) luqadda mashiinka (machine language).

Faa’iidada (assembly language) waa in ay u baahan tahay memory yar iyo waqti yar oo fulin ah si loo fuliyo barnaamijka.

High-level programming language

High-level programming language (HLL) waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu horumariyo barnaamijyada software ka iyo mareegaha (Websites) internetka. Luuqada barnaamijkani waxay u baahantahay iskuduwe (compiler ) ama turjumaan (interpreter) si uu barnaamijka ugu turjumo luqadda mashiinka.

Faa’iidada ugu weyn ee luqadda heerka sare waa inay fududahay in la akhriyo, la qoro, lana sii wado (maintain).

Luuqada barnaamijka heerka sare ah waxaa ka mid ah Python, Java, JavaScript, PHP, C#, C++, Objective C, Cobol, Perl, Pascal, LISP, FORTRAN, iyo Swift programming language.

high-level language waxa loo sii kala qaybiyaa laba qaybood –

i. Procedural Oriented programming

Luuqada Procedural Oriented Programming (POP) waxay ka timid barnaamij habaysan oo ku salaysan fikradda habraaca wacitaanka (procedure call). Waxa ay barnaamijka u qaybisaa habab yaryar oo loo yaqaan hawl-maalmeedyo ama hawlqabadyo (routines or functions).

Procedural Oriented programming language waxaa adeegsada barnaamij-sameeyaha software-ka (software programmer/developer ) si uu u abuuro barnaamij lagu fulin karo iyadoo la adeegsanayo tifaftiraha barnaamijyada sida IDE, Adobe Dreamweaver, notepad++ ama Microsoft Visual Studio.

Faa’iidada luqadda POP waa in ay ka caawiso barnaamijyada si ay si fudud ula socdaan socodka barnaamijka iyo code dib ayaa loogu isticmaali karaa qaybaha kala duwan ee barnaamijka.

Tusaale: C, FORTRAN, Basic, Pascal, iwm.

ii. Object-Oriented Programming language

Luqadda Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) waxay ku saleysan tahay walxaha (objects). Gudaha luuqaddaan, barnaamijyadu waxa loo qaybiyaa qaybo yaryar oo loo yaqaan objects. Waxa loo istcimaalaa in barnaamijka lagu fuliyo hay’ado aduunka dhabta ah (real-world entities) sida inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction, iwm si barnaamijka looga dhigo mid dib loo isticmaali karo, hufan, oo si fudud loo isticmaali karo.

Faa’iidada ugu weyn ee object-oriented programming waa in OOP ay dhakhso badan tahay oo ay fududahay in la fuliyo, la ilaaliyo, wax laga beddelo, iyo sidoo kale la xaliyo cilladaha.

Tusaale: C++, Java, Python, C#, iwm.

Middle-level programming language

Luuqadda barnaamijka heerka dhexe waxa ay u dhaxaysaa luuqadda barnaamijka heerka hoose iyo heerka sare ee barnaamijka. Waxa kale oo loo yaqaan intermediate programming language iyo pseudo-language.

Middle-level programming language faa’iidooyinka ay leedahay waa in ay leedahay sifooyinka high-level language, sido kale waa luqad saaxiib oo si dhow ula xidhiidha luqadda mashiinka iyo luqadda aadanaha.

Tusaale: C, C++, iwm.

Gunaanad

Maqaalkan waxaan ogahadlay waxa uu yahay programming language iyo nuuc yadiisa, sidaan rajeynaayo hada waad ka dharagsantahay waxa uu yahay programming language, waxadna diyaar u tahay in aad doorato luqadda kugu haboon, Laakiin sideed ku dooran!?. Doorashada aad dooraneyso luqadda aad rabto waxey ku xerantahay waxad rabto in ad sameydo. Isweydii waxad doneydo in ad barato ama noqoto kadibna dooro luqadda ku haboon.

Hadii Aad Dooneydo In Aad Ogaato Programing Languages-ka 2025 Ugu Fiican Akhri Post gaan: 10-ka Programming Languages Ugu Fiican 2025

Mr Sharafdin.